Noise pollution

Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.Outdoor noise is summarized by the wordenvironmental noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas.

Indoor noise is caused by machines, building activities, music performances, and especially in some workplaces. There is no great difference whethernoise-induced hearing loss is brought about by outside (e.g. trains) or inside (e.g. music) noise.

Noise health effects are the health consequences of elevated sound levels. Elevated workplace or other noise can cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance. Changes in the immune system and birth defectshave been attributed to noise exposure

High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction, and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.

Although some presbycusis may occur naturally with age,in many developed nations the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime. Noise exposure also has been known to inducetinnitus, hypertension, vasoconstriction, and other cardiovascular adverse effects.

Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can create stress, increase workplace accident rates, and stimulate aggression and other anti-social behaviors.The most significant causes are vehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure to loud music, and industrial noise. In Norway, road traffic has been demonstrated to cause almost 80% of the noise annoyances reported.

Arsene Wenger's side were comfortably secon

Arsene Wenger's side were comfortably second best in the first half and were lucky to be only 1-0 down to Jose Fonte's header - the defender in action for the first time since reportedly being involved in the training-ground incident that led to the suspension of striker Daniel Pablo Osvaldo.

Leaders Arsenal hit back in style after the break, Olivier Giroud levelling matters in the 48th minute with a backheel before Santi Cazorla put Wenger's men ahead four minutes later with an angled drive.

That lead did not last long, however, as Adam Lallana converted Jay Rodriguez's pass for the third goal in six frantic second-half minutes.

Mathieu Flamini was shown a straight red card 10 minutes from time for a two-footed lunge on Morgan Schneiderlin, but Southampton failed to make their numerical advantage count in the final moments as Mauricio Pochettino's team remain in ninth place, unbeaten in five matches in all competitions.

For Arsenal, there was just one alteration from their last league game against Fulham, Mikel Arteta returning from a calf injury to replace Jack Wilshere.

Southampton were dominant in the early stages, Gallagher testing Wojciech Szczesny with a stinging drive in the eighth minute.

And Mauricio Pochettino's men were rewarded for their bright start by taking a deserved lead in the 21st minute, Fonte meeting Luke Shaw's deep cross at the far post and squeezing his header in between Szczesny and the upright.

Gallagher then missed a golden chance to double the advantage in the 37th minute after Nacho Monreal's clearance cannoned off Steven Davis into his path, only for the striker to poke wide of the target from six yards with the goal gaping.

First, Giroud deftly converted Bacary Sagna's driven cross into the net before Mesut Ozil set up Cazorla, who fired into the bottom-left hand corner from the edge of the box for his fourth goal in the last three matches.

Southampton were level within two minutes, though, Lallana sweeping the ball home from Rodriguez's cutback after the latter's run down the left.

Ozil came close to giving Arsenal the lead once more in the 64th minute, Fonte deflecting the German's shot up and over the stranded Boruc onto the top of the crossbar before Monreal blasted high and wide eight minutes later.

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